Ken Dowden - European Paganism. The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2000.
- List of illustrations
- Acknowledgements
- Foreword
- How to use this book
- Authors and events: a time-chart
- Part. I: Approaching paganism
- Pagans, so primitive
- Christian ending
- Roman government
- Germanic invaders
- Beyond the Roman pale
- Beyond the Byzantine pale
- Evidence
- Latin and other languages
- Greek and Roman windows on barbarian culture
- Part. II: Dividing the landscape
- Location
- Focus and area
- Physical features (absolute position)
- Relative position
- Ownership: public and private
- Power
- The god in the stone?
- Strength in numbers: tree, stone, spring
- Part. III: Focus I: spring, lake, river
- Spring and well
- What a spring is
- Prevalence
- Purity and health
- What happens at springs and wells
- Saints, the conversion of the aniconic, and heads
- Other water
- Lake
- River
- Water worship
- Part. IV: Focus II: stone and tree
- Stone
- What a stone is
- Feelings about stones
- Personalising stones
- Stones and permanence
- Stone as the object of cult
- What happens at stones
- Tree
- What trees are like
- Personalising trees
- Notable trees
- What happens at trees
- Pagan tree and Christian objectors
- Part. V: Area I: land
- Hill and mountain
- What mountains are like
- Worship on mountains: lightning and fire
- Shore and island
- Sea: shore and promontory
- Islands
- Cave
- Part. VI: Area II: growth
- Meadow
- Grove
- What a grove is like
- Grove and temple-culture
- The feel of natural groves
- Grove and garden
- Groves and barbarians
- Groves and placenames
- The power of groves
- Ancient groves
- Inviolability
- On the Dusii demons…
- Divine ownership
- Inside the grove
- Part. VII: Technology: statues, shrines and temples
- Statues
- The place of statues
- Impressive statues and Christian destruction
- Temple, fanum, ecclesia
- What a temple is
- The shape of temples
- Contents and decoration
- Shrines, vocabulary and placenames
- Temples in less developed cultures
- Continuity
- Instances
- What are Christians to do with temples or fana?
- Destroy the fana!
- Build churches!
- Part. VIII: Christian paganism
- Christian knowledge
- Textuality: coming down from Sinai
- Specificity
- What pagans do
- Eating and drinking
- Dance
- Particular customs
- New Year’s Day
- Thursday
- The moon
- Laurel
- Catechism: renouncing what?
- Part. IX: Pagan rite
- Sacrifice
- Why sacrifice?
- What to sacrifice
- The action of sacrifice
- Beyond Sacrifice
- Non-sacrificial offerings
- How to offer things that aren’t alive
- Dance and song
- Human sacrifice
- Human sacrifice is ‘only’ execution?
- Battle and hanging
- Divination and other reasons
- Manipulation of place
- Procession
- Pilgrimage
- Part. X: Pagan time
- Time-reckoning
- Lunar months
- Intercalation and periods of several years
- Weeks
- Calendar and festival
- A Gaulish calendar
- Duration of festivals
- An English calendar
- Equinoxes and other times
- The Calendar of Erchia
- Part. XI: A few aspects of Gods
- Christian contrasts
- Pagan plurality
- Do the pagan Gods exist?
- Divine functions
- Sets of gods
- Lightning
- Part. XII: Priests
- The need for priests
- What a priest is
- Priestly specialism, development of the state
- Religion in the home, without professionals
- Priests and government
- King-priests
- Kings and priests
- Oligarchy in Gaul—‘no sacrifice without a philosopher’
- Oligarchy at Rome
- Temple priests, grove priests
- Greece
- Germans
- Gauls
- Divination
- Priests and ritual: a common Indo-European inheritance?
- The role of women
- Conclusions
- Part. XIII: Cradle to grave
- Cradle
- Transitions
- Illness and crisis
- Grave
- Normal people
- Grand burial
- Mounds to marvel at
- Part. XIV: Unity is the Thing
- Gaul: centrality of the shrine
- The Germanic Thing
- Groves and assemblies
- Periodicity and leagues
- Human sacrifice and beginnings
- The beginning of the world
- Afterword
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Abbreviations
- Primary literature: general information and where to find a text and translation
- Secondary literature
- Indexes
- Index locorum—passages cited or reported
- Index nominum I—Gods, mythic entities and festivals
- Index nominum II—(real) persons, peoples and places
- Index rerum—topics and themes
- Index auctorum—modern authors
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